(A) A tyro is a complete beginner at something, a person with virtually no experience. Similarly, an apprentice is someone who is learning a new art or craft, a person with no mastery of the skill he wants to practice.
TYRO: a beginner in learning something; novice
Apprentice: a person under legal agreement to work a specified length of time for a master craftsman in a craft or trade in return for instruction and, formerly, support
Mastery: the act of mastering (an art, science, etc.)
Journeyman: a) orig., a worker for a daily wage b) a worker who has served an apprenticeship and is therefore qualified to work at a specified trade
Rookie: an inexperienced recruit in the army
Ingénue: an innocent, inexperienced, unworldly young woman

(A) A quarry is a hole in the ground from which stone of various kinds, including marble, is extracted for use by builders or sculptors. A mine is a hole in the ground from which ores and metals, including coal, are extracted for use in industry.
Mine: that or those belonging to me: the absolute form of my, used without a following noun [that book is mine; mine are better]: also used after of to indicate possession [a friend of mine]
Coal: a piece of glowing or charred wood, coal, or similar substance; ember
Tuna: the flesh of various tunas or tunalike fishes, often canned as food: also called tuna fish
Silo: an airtight pit or tower in which green fodder is preserved
Gusher: a place where anything is collected and stored, generally in large quantity; esp., a natural or artificial lake or pond in which water is collected and stored for use
Reservoir: a place where anything is collected and stored, generally in large quantity; esp., a natural or artificial lake or pond in which water is collected and stored for use

(D) A cataclysm is a particularly intense, severe, and overwhelming calamity.
CATACLYSM: any great upheaval that causes sudden and violent changes, as an earthquake or a war
UPHEAVAL: a sudden, violent change
Colossus: any huge or important person or thing [C3] the gigantic statue of Apollo set at the entrance to the harbor of Rhodes c. 280 B.C. and included among the Seven Wonders of the World
Avalanche: a mass of loosened snow, earth, rocks, etc. suddenly and swiftly sliding down a mountain, often growing as it descends
Calamity: any extreme misfortune bringing great loss and sorrow; disaster
Casualty: a) a member of the armed forces who is lost to active service through being killed, wounded, captured, interned, sick, or missing b) [pl.] losses of personnel resulting from death, injury, etc.

(E) A path is a little road (often so small that only one person can use it at a time), while a highway is a large road with room for thousands. A brook and a river have a similar size relationship.
Yard: a) a unit of linear measure equal to 3 feet or 36 inches (.9144 meter) (abbrev. yd or y) b) a cubic yard (.7646 cubic meter) !a yard of topsoil"
Alley: a lane in a garden or park, bordered by trees or shrubs
Vein: a) any blood vessel that carries blood from some part of the body back toward the heart b) loosely, any blood vessel (cf. ARTERY, CAPILLARY)
Artery: any one of the system of thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Ramp: a sloping, sometimes curved, surface, walk, road, etc. joining different levels
Brook: a small stream, usually not so large as a river

(A)Despair is the state of feeling hopeless; enervation (that is, complete lack of energy) is the state of feeling listless.
Melancholy: a) sadness and depression of spirits b) a tendency to be sad, gloomy, or depressed
Tireless: that does not become tired; untiring
Fatigue: the tendency of a metal or other material to crack and fail under repeated applications of stress
Heedless: not taking heed; careless; unmindful
Solemnity: solemn ceremony, ritual, observance, etc
Feckless: weak; ineffective
Gaiety: the state or quality of being gay; cheerfulness